Predicting Depression From Bedtime Procrastination and Smartphone Dependency
Keywords:
Depression, Bedtime Procrastination, Smartphone Dependency, Behavioral Predictors, Sleep Hygiene, Mental HealthAbstract
This study aimed to investigate the predictive roles of bedtime procrastination and smartphone dependency on depression among Malaysian adults. A correlational descriptive design was employed, involving a sample of 419 participants selected based on the Morgan and Krejcie sampling table. Standardized self-report instruments were used: the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) for depression, the Bedtime Procrastination Scale (BPS), and the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between depression and each independent variable, followed by multiple linear regression analysis to assess the combined predictive power of bedtime procrastination and smartphone dependency on depressive symptoms. Pearson correlation results indicated that both bedtime procrastination (r = .46, p < .001) and smartphone dependency (r = .52, p < .001) were significantly and positively correlated with depression. The regression model was statistically significant (F(2, 416) = 105.72, p < .001), with an R² of .34, suggesting that 34% of the variance in depression was explained by the two predictors. Both bedtime procrastination (B = 0.39, β = .28, p < .001) and smartphone dependency (B = 0.47, β = .41, p < .001) were significant individual predictors of depression. The findings highlight bedtime procrastination and smartphone dependency as significant behavioral predictors of depression. These results underscore the importance of addressing nighttime behavioral habits and digital overuse in mental health prevention and intervention strategies, particularly among young adults. Implementing behaviorally focused interventions targeting sleep routines and technology use may contribute to the reduction of depressive symptoms in at-risk populations.
Downloads
References
1. Magalhães P, Pereira B, Oliveira A, David Rafael Alves dos S, Pérez JCN, Rosário P. The Mediator Role of Routines on the Relationship Between General Procrastination, Academic Procrastination and Perceived Importance of Sleep and Bedtime Procrastination. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(15):7796. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18157796.
2. Chen D, Zhang Y, Lin J, Pang D, Cheng D, Si D. Factors Influencing Bedtime Procrastination in Junior College Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Nursing. 2022;21(1). doi: 10.1186/s12912-022-00881-7.
3. Cui G, Yin Y, Li S, Chen L, Liu X, Tang K, et al. Longitudinal Relationships Among Problematic Mobile Phone Use, Bedtime Procrastination, Sleep Quality and Depressive Symptoms in Chinese College Students: A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1). doi: 10.1186/s12888-021-03451-4.
4. Herzog-Krzywoszańska R, Jewula B, Krzywoszański Ł. Bedtime Procrastination Partially Mediates the Impact of Personality Characteristics on Daytime Fatigue Resulting From Sleep Deficiency. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2021;15. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.727440.
5. Hong L, Xu H, Zheng J, Lin X, Wang L, Zhao C, et al. Latent Profiles and Transitions of Bedtime Procrastination Among Chinese College Students: The Predictive Roles of Anxiety, Depression, Problematic Smartphone Use and Self-Control. Nature and Science of Sleep. 2024;Volume 16:801-11. doi: 10.2147/nss.s462055.
6. Deng Y, Ye B, Yang Q. COVID-19 Related Emotional Stress and Bedtime Procrastination Among College Students in China: A Moderated Mediation Model. Nature and Science of Sleep. 2022;Volume 14:1437-47. doi: 10.2147/nss.s371292.
7. Yasin N, Mushtaq R, Karamat A. Bedtime Procrastination, Sleep Disturbance, Fatigue and Mental Health in Female University Students: Mediation Analysis. Journal of Professional & Applied Psychology. 2024;5(2):215-23. doi: 10.52053/jpap.v5i2.271.
8. Cemei L, Sriram S, Holý O, Rehman S. A Longitudinal Investigation on the Reciprocal Relationship of Problematic Smartphone Use With Bedtime Procrastination, Sleep Quality, and Mental Health Among University Students. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 2024;Volume 17:3355-67. doi: 10.2147/prbm.s472299.
9. Bild E, Rossa K, Edmed SL, Pattinson C, Mann D, Gadam S, et al. O072a the Relationship Between Bedtime Procrastination, Habitual Smartphone Use, and Sleep in Young Adults: Results From the Young Adult Health Study (YAHS). Sleep Advances. 2024;5(Supplement_1):A52-A3. doi: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae070.151.
10. Hammoudi SF, Mreydem HW, Ali BTA, Saleh NO, Chung S, Hallit S, et al. Smartphone Screen Time Among University Students in Lebanon and Its Association With Insomnia, Bedtime Procrastination, and Body Mass Index During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Psychiatry Investigation. 2021;18(9):871-8. doi: 10.30773/pi.2021.0120.
11. Song J, Ahmed O, Lee T. Validation of the Bedtime Procrastination Scale Among Korean High School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sleep Medicine Research. 2024;15(4):255-61. doi: 10.17241/smr.2024.02544.
12. Zhu Y, Liu J, Wang Q, Huang J, Li X, Liu J. Examining the Association Between Boredom Proneness and Bedtime Procrastination Among Chinese College Students: A Sequential Mediation Model With Mobile Phone Addiction and Negative Emotions. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 2023;Volume 16:4329-40. doi: 10.2147/prbm.s431615.
13. Feng Y, Meng D, Guo J, Zhao Y, Ma X, Zhu L, et al. Bedtime Procrastination in the Relationship Between Self-Control and Depressive Symptoms in Medical Students: From the Perspective of Sex Differences. Sleep Medicine. 2022;95:84-90. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.04.022.
14. Hou X, Hu J. Depression and Bedtime Procrastination: Chain Mediation of Brooding and Perceived Stress. Heliyon. 2023;9(12):e22672. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22672.
15. Bistricky SL, Kenigsberg Z, Klein P, Feliciano L. 0934 Self-Compassion, Bedtime Procrastination, Sleep, and Mental Health in Individuals Exposed to Trauma. Sleep. 2024;47(Supplement_1):A401-A. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0934.
16. Zavardeh SZM, Ashoori M, Bazzāziān S. Self-Compassion in the Relationship Between Personality Traits and Bedtime Procrastination. Journal of Social Behavior and Community Health. 2024. doi: 10.18502/jsbch.v8i1.15612.
17. Zhu Y, Wang Q, Liu J, Huang J. Parental Psychological Control and Depression, Anxiety Among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Bedtime Procrastination and Moderating Role of Neuroticism. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing. 2024;51:1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2024.05.002.
18. Geng Y, Gu J, Wang J, Zhang R. Smartphone Addiction and Depression, Anxiety: The Role of Bedtime Procrastination and Self-Control. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2021;293:415-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.062.
19. Huang J, Yang Z, Wang Q, Liu J, Xie W, Sun Y. The Relationship Between Family Cohesion and Bedtime Procrastination Among Chinese College Students: The Chain Mediating Effect of Coping Styles and Mobile Phone Addiction. BMC Psychiatry. 2024;24(1). doi: 10.1186/s12888-024-05700-8.
20. Dardara EA, Al-Makhalid KA. Investigating the Relationship Between Bedtime Procrastination, Psychological Stress, and Mental Health Among Saudi Undergraduate (Preprint). 2021. doi: 10.2196/preprints.28557.
21. Carlson SA, Williams P. 0336 Workday Rhythms and Bedtime Behaviors: The Role of Work Timing and Duration in Bedtime Procrastination. Sleep. 2024;47(Supplement_1):A144-A5. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0336.
22. Carlson SA, Johnson K, Williams P. 0197 to Delay Perchance to Sleep: The Daily Association Between Pre-Sleep Arousal and Bedtime Procrastination. Sleep. 2023;46(Supplement_1):A87-A8. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsad077.0197.
23. Bistricky SL, Lopez AK, Pollard T, Egan A, Gimenez-Zapiola M, Pascuzzi B, et al. Brief Multimodal Intervention to Address Bedtime Procrastination and Sleep Through Self-Compassion and Sleep Hygiene During Stressful Times. 2023. doi: 10.1101/2023.04.16.23288655.
24. Xu C, Lin N, Shen Z, Xie Z, Xu D, Fu J, et al. Bedtime Procrastination Related to Loneliness Among Chinese University Students During Post-Pandemic Period: A Moderated Chain Mediation Model. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1). doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-18019-6.
25. Roy RS, John SMT, John JM. Bedtime Procrastination and Thought Control Among Hostellers And Day Scholars. International Journal of Engineering Technology and Management Sciences. 2022;6(5):498-504. doi: 10.46647/ijetms.2022.v06i05.077.
26. Uygur ÖF, Bahar A. Sleep Effort and Insomnia Severity: The Role of Bedtime Procrastination. Sleep Medicine Research. 2023;14(1):18-24. doi: 10.17241/smr.2023.01655.
Downloads
Published
Submitted
Revised
Accepted
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
