The Effectiveness of the Maher Crystallized Intelligence Educational-Psychological Intervention on Enhancing Fluid Intelligence and Socio-Cultural Intelligence
Keywords:
Crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence, psycho-educational intervention, socio-cultural intelligence, Maher model, elementary students, cognitive developmentAbstract
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the Maher Crystallized Intelligence Psycho-Educational Intervention in enhancing fluid intelligence and socio-cultural intelligence among elementary school students. A quasi-experimental research design with a pretest-posttest-follow-up structure and control group was employed. The participants included 40 students aged 10 to 12, randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The intervention consisted of 14 structured 90-minute sessions based on the Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) theory and focused on enhancing multiple dimensions of crystallized intelligence. Data collection tools included the Maher Multifunctional Fluid Intelligence Test (MMFIT) and the Maher Crystallized Intelligence Test (MCIT), each validated in previous studies. Mixed multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and Bonferroni post hoc tests were conducted using SPSS version 27, following confirmation of statistical assumptions. The results indicated statistically significant improvements in all dimensions of fluid intelligence (perception, reasoning, attention, memory, and processing speed) and socio-cultural intelligence (cultural, economic, social, spiritual, managerial, and philosophical) in the experimental group compared to the control group (p < .001). Interaction effects between time and group were large, with partial eta squared values ranging from .60 to .83. Bonferroni comparisons confirmed significant mean increases from pretest to posttest and follow-up in the experimental group, while no significant change was observed in the control group across stages. Additionally, the posttest–follow-up results showed no significant decline, indicating sustained intervention effects. The Maher Crystallized Intelligence Intervention was effective in significantly improving and maintaining both fluid and socio-cultural intelligence among elementary school students. The multidimensional, culturally adapted structure of the intervention demonstrates its potential for application in educational and developmental settings aiming to foster holistic cognitive and social-emotional growth.
Downloads
References
1. Cattell RB, Horn JL. A check on the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence with description of new subtest designs. Journal of Educational Measurement. 1978;15(3):139-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-3984.1978.tb00065.x.
2. Simpson-Kent IL, Fuhrmann D, Bathelt J, Achterberg J, Borgeest GS, Kievit RA. Neurocognitive reorganization between crystallized intelligence, fluid intelligence and white matter microstructure in two age-heterogeneous developmental cohorts. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 2020;41:100743. doi: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100743.
3. Tadayon E, Pascual-Leone A, Santarnecchi E. Differential contribution of cortical thickness, surface area, and gyrification to fluid and crystallized intelligence. Cerebral Cortex. 2020;30(1):215-25. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhz082.
4. Neugnot-Cerioli M, Gagner C, Beauchamp MH. Training of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A game-based approach in adolescents presenting with below average IQ. Cogent Psychology. 2017;4(1):1284360. doi: 10.1080/23311908.2017.1284360.
5. Seadatee Shamir A. The Effectiveness of Teaching Math Skills on Increasing the crystallized Intelligence of Secondary School Students of Shahed Schools. Journal of Psychological Dynamics in Mood Disorders (PDMD). 2024;2(4):136-52. doi: 10.22034/pdmd.2024.444922.1058.
6. Bajpai S, Upadhayay AD, Banerjee J, Chakrawarthy A, Chatterjee P, Lee J, et al. Discrepancy in fluid and crystallized intelligence: an early cognitive marker of dementia from the LASI-DAD cohort. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders extra. 2022;12(1):51-9. doi: 10.1159/000520879.
7. Salas N, Escobar J, Huepe D. Two sides of the same coin: fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence as cognitive reserve predictors of social cognition and executive functions among vulnerable elderly people. Frontiers in Neurology. 2021;12:599378. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2021.599378.
8. Olderbak S, Semmler M, Doebler P. Four-branch model of ability emotional intelligence with fluid and crystallized intelligence: A meta-analysis of relations. Emotion Review. 2019;11(2):166-83. doi: 10.1177/1754073918776776.
9. Ershadi Chahardeh S, Saadati Shamir A, Zabihi R. The Effectiveness of Cognitive Empowerment Based on the Lumosity Program on Maher Crystallized Intelligence of Elementary School Boys. International Journal of Education and Cognitive Sciences. 2024;5(5):149-57.
10. Ghanbari F, Saadati Shamir A. The Effectiveness of Mathematics Skills Training (I-Math) on Enhancing Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence in Primary School Students: Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch; 2023.
11. Alborzi MM, Khosh Lahjeh Sedgh A. Prediction of sensation seeking and coping strategies based on emotional intelligence with the mediation of metacognitive beliefs in Qom province students. Iranian Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. 2023;2(2):26-37.
12. Khosh Lahje Sedq A, Mohammadtahery M. Prediction of self-esteem based on attachment style, metacognitive belief and emotional intelligence in college students. Iranian Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. 2022;1(3):0-.
13. Seadatee Shamir A, Zainab Zahamatkesh Y. Introducing a test: construction and standardization of the first version of Maher Multifunctional Fluid Intelligence Test (MMFIT) for children age 7 to 9 years old. Early Childhood Health And Education. 2022;3(2):57-84.
14. Gooran Savadkohi L, Kamyabi M, Saadati Shamir A. The Effectiveness of Metacognitive Skills Training on Increasing the Fluid Intelligence of First Secondary Students. Sociology of Education. 2023;9(1):424-40. doi: 10.22034/ijes.2024.2012724.1476.
15. Roghani F, Shamir A, Abdollahpour A, Hashemi N. The effectiveness of the "Maher Fluid Intelligence Psycho-Educational Intervention Package" on cognitive-emotional regulation in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychological Dynamics in Mood Disorders. 2024;3(2):189-202. doi: 10.61838/kman.pdmd.3.2.16.
16. Roghani F, Saadati Shamir A, Abdollahpour MA, Hashemi N. The effectiveness of the Maher fluid intelligence psychological-educational intervention package on executive functions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sociology of Education. 2024;10(2):46-56. doi: 10.61838/kman.pdmd.3.2.16.
17. Batey M, Furnham A, Safiullina X. Intelligence, general knowledge and personality as predictors of creativity. Learning and Individual Differences. 2010;20(5):532-5. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2010.04.008.
18. Hariri M. Ethical- social considerations Trapping Police in narcotic Crimes in the perspective of criminal psychology. Iranian Journal of Educational Sociology. 2017;1(3):161-8.
19. Hooman HA, Amirbaglou Daryani M, Asgari A, Hatamikia A, Rahmani M. Comparison of Crystallized Intelligence in Male and Female Students Based on Two Classical Theories and Item-Response Theory. Contemporary Psychology. 2013;8(1):11-20.
Downloads
Published
Submitted
Revised
Accepted
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
